What Sentence Repetition Tasks Can Reveal about the Processing Effort Associated with Different Types of Code-Switching

In this study, we explored the linguistic consolidation processes associated with bilingual processing using an experimental paradigm novel in bilingualism research, i.e., sentence repetition. We tested 46 L1-German L2-English bilinguals immersed L2 context. Firstly, compared participants’ repetition accuracy single-language sentences and involving code-switches. Secondly, investigated cost different types of code-switching, alternation, insertion, dense code-switching. Finally, assessed following potential predictors accuracy: regular usage code-switching types, executive functions (working memory inhibitory control), as well relevant variables (proficiency, dominance, immersion). Our first finding was that displayed reduced code-switches to sentences, but only when were L1. This suggests any costs are modulated by bilinguals’ language background. Moreover, poor performance L1 despite reporting high levels exposure frequency, highlights importance age acquisition dominance profiles for processing. terms our results revealed differed across The effort task primarily driven structural depth degree mixing involved code-switch, forms co-activation harder repeat than alternations unintegrated switching. effect partially converged sociolinguistic practices because also reported lower frequency no direct correlations observed at level individual differences. general cognitive functions, working not control. By investigating issue, hope contribute understanding face cross-linguistic processes.